"Grave perturbation du fonctionnement de la société, qui cause de grandes pertes humaines, matérielles ou environnementales, et qui excèdent la capacité de réaction autonome de la société affectée>>  Nations Unies: Département des affaires humanitaires

Cette perturbation est généralement délimitée dans le temps et dans l'espace. 

<<desastre= vulnerabilité+ catastrophe - stratégies de lutte>>

GENERALITES SOURCES

Disasters 

Disaster Management

Disaster situation and status reports

Red Cross

DISASTERIUM: l'almanach des désastres dans le monde (en anglais)

UNDHA: Internationally agreed glossary of basic terms related to disaster management ONU Genève 1994UNDP-DHA: An overview of disaster management New York 1994UNDP-DHA: : Disaster assessment  New York 1994Blaikie, Cannon, Davis, Wisner: "At risk, natural hazards, People's vulnerability and disasters" Routledge London 1994Overseas Development Institute: "The political economy of war" International decade for Disaster reductionDisaster, development and vulnerability

Virtual Disaster Library About "250 publications (25,000 pages) of experiences, ideas and solutions to advance the cause of disaster reduction." Subjects include disaster education, preparedness, prevention, and response; earthquakes, hurricanes, volcanoes, and floods; buildings; medicine, health, and communicable disease control; and sanitation. Developed by PAHO/WHO (Pan American Health Organization/Regional Office of the World Health Organization). Materials are available in English and/or Spanish and French. http://www.sadl.uleth.ca/nz/cgi-bin/library?a=p&p=about&c=paho

GEOGRAPHIE

• Europe  

  Asie

  Afrique    Insécurité en Afrique

  Amérique

• DisasterHelp
  
  This site from the U.S. government provides "information and services relating to ... disaster management: preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation." Topics for Hurricane Katrina include status of roads, post offices, power outages, food and water safety, and many survivor services, such as applying for aid, replacing lost documents, and more.
  http://disasterhelp.gov
• Governor's Division of Emergency Management (GDEM) [Texas]
  
  "GDEM is charged with carrying out a comprehensive all-hazard emergency management program for the State and assisting cities, counties, and state agencies in implementing their own emergency management program. GDEM ... is also responsible for supporting development and implementation of the Governor's Homeland Security Strategy." Features extensive emergency management related links; information for threat awareness campaigns for hurricanes, severe weather, lightning, West Nile virus, and wildfires; and more. From the Texas Department of Public Safety.
  http://www.txdps.state.tx.us/dem/

HISTOIRE-CHRONIQUE

***The Global Disaster Relief & Reconstruction Summit, scheduled for December 2-4, 2001 at the Washington Convention Center . The Summit will be the first global disaster response forum to respond to the September 11 terrorist attack against the United States. Major sessions will be held on protecting the staff and facilities of companies and organizations with worldwide operations, on rebuilding the financial district of New York, and on responding to the growing Afghan refugee crisis. Additional sessions will provide the latest information on the relief and reconstruction of India, El Salvador, Balkan countries, African countries, and other nations responding to natural and man-made disasters. The early registration deadline for exhibitors and delegates has been extended to Friday, October 5. To register, visit http://www.rec-dev.com. Catastrophes et accidents

INSTITUTIONS-POLITIQUE

• La propension aux catastrophes?

  • géographie et catastrophes naturelles

    niveau de développement et catastrophes économiques

  • histoire et catastrophes politiques

• La vulnérabilité aux desastres?

  • propension à l'extension du désastre: la densité démographique

    propension à la gravité du desastre

  • faiblesse de réaction aux desastres : 

    • pauvreté

    • défaillance des services publics

RELATIONS EXTERIEURES: 

Les pays riches peuvent le plus souvent venir à bout des desastres survenant sur leur territoire. Il n'en est pas de même pour les pays pauvres, le plus souvent déjà vulnérables et qui ne disposent pas des réserves suffisantes pour gérer les desastres, ce qui nécessite ou justifie une intervention extérieure

• La prévention des desastres: 

  • les desastres, même issus de catastrophes naturelles, sont toujours des processus humains donc susceptibles de prévention

    prévenir l'apparition de catastrophes et en réduire les effets possibles sur les populations vulnérables

    se préparer par systèmes d'alerte , plans d'urgences, cartes de vulnérabilité. Ex. prévention réussie contre l'ouragan Mitch au Honduras 

    Crise internationale  Origines du risque  Conclusions sur l'histoire du risque politique

  • Conflits- prévention et résolution 

• La gestion des desastres

  • phase d'intervention rapide pour limiter l'extension du désastre (notamment en cas de conflits) 

    aide d'urgence (relief) : assistance aux survivants, réponse aux besoins élémentaires (eau, nourriture, logement, santé)

    phase de réhabilitation des conditions de vie

  • phase de reconstruction à longue durée

• l'intervention internationale

  • ONU et la décennie 1990-1999 pour la réduction des désastres naturels

    Programme pour la Paix de l'ONU (Boutros Bouros Ghali 1992)

    le rôle des collectivités locales Tell Aviv 1994, Amsterdam 1996

    le rôle des organismes de coopération pour le développement : ORGANISATIONS INTERNATIONALES  UNDP, haut Commissariat aux réfugiés Haut Commissariat aux Droits de l'Homme, BANQUE MONDIALE , organismes régionaux

  • le rôle des ONG: Croix rouge, OXFAM, Médecins sans frontières etc...Associations, ONG

ECONOMIE   

SECTEURS

• LES SECTEURS D'ORIGINE: 

  • catastrophes naturelles: inondation, sécheresse, cyclone, séismes, volcans...

  • catastrophes humaines: accidents, conflits civils, conflits militaires

• LES SECTEURS D'APPLICATION

  • pertes de vies humaines

  • blessés et malades: la santé Santé  médecine d'urgence, médecine d'épidémies

  • nourriture: Alimentation du monde  atteintes aux réserves,à la distribution alimentaire, à la production agricole, 

  • environnement écologique: Environnement, écologie, nature

  • migrations:  Migrations

• 

  SOCIETE

  • La vulnérabilité, propension au desastre

  • Washington State Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Response
    
    Intended for use by the general public, this site offers an online disaster preparedness handbook with advice on preparing for public health emergencies and preparing households for emergencies. Includes a checklist of emergency supplies, information about bioterrorism preparedness, acronyms, instructions for reporting illnesses or suspicious packages and substances, and fact sheets on diseases, natural disasters, and other topics. Many resources available in Spanish. From the Washington State Department of Health.
    http://www.doh.wa.gov/phepr/pheprgeninfo.htm
    Topics: Home & Housing, Public Health and Safety, Science, Terrorism, War and Peace: Resources on Iraq, Washington State: Government, Washington State: Health, Washington State: Science
    Last updated Jul 11, 2005
    MedlinePlus: Disasters and Emergency Preparedness
    
    Provides links to overviews of family and citizen emergency preparedness, coping information, law and policy, and pages for specific emergency situations such as giving birth in emergency situations and emergency management for children and seniors. Includes news on current disasters and relief work. From the U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.
    http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/disastersandemergencypreparedness.html
    Topics: Charity & Nonprofit Resources, Electrical Energy, Energy, Environment, Home & Housing, Hurricane Katrina, Medical Treatments and Devices, Science, Senior Health, September 11 & Beyond, Technology, Terrorism, War and Peace: Resources on Iraq
    Last updated Sep 2, 2005
    
    [Washington] DC Emergency Management Agency: Hurricane Preparedness and Response
    
    The District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.) provides local and general information and links about weather, school safety, evacuation routes, electricity companies, and hurricane, flood, and other disaster preparedness and recovery recommendations.
    http://dcema.dc.gov/dcema/cwp/view,a,1226,q,568074.asp#one
    Topics: Electrical Energy, Home & Housing, Hurricane Katrina, Science, War and Peace: Resources on Iraq, Weather
    Last updated Apr 9, 2004
  • Preparedness for Deliberate Epidemics
    
    This site presents the strategy developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) to respond to "natural occurrence, accidental release or deliberate use of biological and chemical agents or radionuclear material that affect health." Topics addressed include international preparedness, global alert and response, national preparedness, and preparedness for selected diseases/intoxication.
    http://www.who.int/csr/delibepidemics/en/
    Topics: Biology, Diseases & Conditions, Infectious Diseases, War and Peace: Resources on Iraq, Weapons
    Last updated Nov 2, 2004
  • Hurricane Preparedness
    
    Information for the public about hurricanes. The site features a brief history of major hurricanes back to 1900, information about how hurricanes are categorized using the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale (from Category 1 to Category 5), the forecasting of hurricanes, disaster plan tips, and information about marine safety, storm surges, high wind, tornadoes, and inland floods. In English and Spanish. From the National Weather Service National Hurricane Center.
    http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/HAW2/english/intro.shtml
    Topics: Home & Housing, Hurricane Katrina, Science, War and Peace: Resources on Iraq, Weather
    Last updated Sep 2, 2005
    Disaster Relief and Emergency Preparedness
    
    "This community has been created in response to the devastating December 2004 tsunami that killed tens of thousands of people across Asia. The space can be used for discussing the role that information and communication technologies (ICTs) can play in averting natural disasters and assisting relief efforts. Participants may also use it to share resources on relief work during times of crisis, as well as ICTs and emergency preparedness." From the not-for-profit Digital Divide Network (DDN).
    http://www.digitaldivide.net/community/disaster-relief
    Topics: Charity & Nonprofit Resources, Geography, Home & Housing, Science, September 11 & Beyond, War and Peace: Resources on Iraq, Water, Weather
    Last updated Jan 3, 2005
    Are You Ready? An In-depth Guide to Citizen Preparedness
    
    This guide "provides a step-by-step approach to disaster preparedness by walking the reader through how to get informed about local emergency plans, how to identify hazards that affect their local area, and how to develop and maintain an emergency communications plan and disaster supplies kit. Other topics covered include evacuation, emergency public shelters, animals in disaster, and information specific to people with disabilities." From the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).
    http://www.fema.gov/areyouready/
    Topics: Animals, Environment, Home & Housing, Military, Outdoor Recreation, Pets, Science, Terrorism, War and Peace: Resources on Iraq
    Last updated Sep 1, 2005
  • Emergency Preparedness and Individuals With Disabilities
    
    This website "contains basic information on emergency preparedness, transportation accessibility, and evacuation methods for certain modes of transportation, such as transit and rail systems ... for individuals with disabilities, their family members, and care givers." Provides links to related resources, information about relevant legal obligations, and descriptions of specific types of planned and natural disasters. From the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT).
    http://www.dotcr.ost.dot.gov/asp/emergencyprep.asp
    Topics: Environment, Home & Housing, Science, War and Peace: Resources on Iraq
    Last updated Aug 31, 2005
  • About FEMA: FEMA History
    
    Official page from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) on the history of the agency, which was created by a 1979 executive order to merge the disaster-related responsibilities of several other agencies: the Federal Insurance Administration, the National Fire Prevention and Control Administration, the National Weather Service Community Preparedness Program, the Federal Preparedness Agency, and the Federal Disaster Assistance Administration. It became part of the Department of Homeland Security in March 2003.
    http://www.fema.gov/about/history.shtm
    Topics: Government, Government, Home & Housing, Home & Housing, Hurricane Katrina, News, Science, Science, Terrorism, War and Peace: Resources on Iraq
    Last updated Sep 20, 2005
    
  Houston-Galveston Area Hurricane Info Web Site
  
  Links to emergency preparedness resources for southeastern Texas. Includes radio stations, road conditions and travel times, weather reports and maps, flood alerts, and disaster assistance.
  http://www.comm-net.org/emergency_info.html
  Topics: Home & Housing, Hurricane Katrina, Science, War and Peace: Resources on Iraq, Weather
  Last updated Sep 21, 2005
• FEMA.gov: Federal Emergency Management Agency
  
  This government agency has current disaster news, storm watches, disaster assistance, mitigation, preparedness, flood insurance, and photographs and video clips of disasters. The library has a "Response and Recovery" section, information on animals in emergencies, and disaster summary maps. "FEMA for Kids" includes the causes of natural disasters, games, and stories from children who have been through disasters. Some items available in Spanish.
  http://www.fema.gov/
  Topics: Charity & Nonprofit Resources, Home & Housing, Hurricane Katrina, Photograph Collections, Photograph Collections: Nature & Wildlife, Science, September 11 & Beyond, War and Peace: Resources on Iraq
  Last updated Sep 2, 2005
• FEMA Storm Watch
  
  Read, view, and listen to storm advisories and related information, follow storm-related news, and track disaster-response preparations, forecasting, and recovery. Includes the current list of storm names, a glossary of severe weather watch terms, a guide to hurricane preparedness, tips for recovering flood damaged property, and an outline of the disaster assistance program for individuals. Some information, including audio advisories, available in Spanish. From the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).
  http://www.fema.gov/storm/
  Topics: Home & Housing, Hurricane Katrina, Science, War and Peace: Resources on Iraq, Weather
  Last updated Sep 2, 2005
• DisasterHelp
  
  This site from the U.S. government provides "information and services relating to ... disaster management: preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation." Topics for Hurricane Katrina include status of roads, post offices, power outages, food and water safety, and many survivor services, such as applying for aid, replacing lost documents, and more.
  http://disasterhelp.gov
  Topics: Charity & Nonprofit Resources, Electrical Energy, Food & Cooking, Home & Housing, Hurricane Katrina, Nutrition and Food Safety, Science, September 11 & Beyond, Technology, War and Peace: Resources on Iraq, Water
  Last updated Sep 9, 2005
  
• Disaster Resistant Communities Initiative: Process Evaluation of FEMA's Project Impact
  
  Reports charting the progress of Project Impact, a program of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) "designed to encourage local communities to step up their efforts to contain future disaster losses." Includes focus group reports and evaluations from different phases of Project Impact, a program that was started under the Clinton administration and ended under the George W. Bush administration. From the Disaster Research Center (DRC) at the University of Delaware.
  http://www.udel.edu/DRC/drci.html
  Topics: Environment, Home & Housing, Hurricane Katrina, Presidents of the United States, Science, Terrorism, War and Peace: Resources on Iraq
  Last updated Sep 22, 2005
• Hurricane! Are You Ready for the Next One?
  
  "A guide to protecting the historic structures of Louisiana and the Lower Mississippi Delta Region from Hurricane Disasters." Includes a history of hurricanes in Louisiana from the 1700s to 1992, information for creating a disaster plan, and suggestions for recovering from post-hurricane flood damage for building exteriors and interiors, plants, and neighborhoods. From the Louisiana Heritage Network (LHN), Louisiana State University (LSU).
  http://lhn.lsu.edu/lhin/hurr/html/
  Topics: Home & Housing, Hurricane Katrina, Science, War and Peace: Resources on Iraq, Weather
  Last updated Sep 22, 2005
  
• Louisiana Homeland Security & Emergency Preparedness
  
  Information for Louisianans about dangers such as biological hazards, drought, fire, flooding, hurricanes, excessive heat, terrorism, winter weather, and related topics. Includes fact sheets, information about evacuation routes, links to related sites, and news (on topics such as Hurricane Katrina in August 2005). Also includes information about the emergency plans and operation of this office, with links to parish contacts.
  http://www.ohsep.louisiana.gov
  Topics: Home & Housing, Hurricane Katrina, Science, Terrorism, War and Peace: Resources on Iraq
  Last updated Sep 5, 2005
• Taking Winter by Storm
  
  Puget Sound's (Washington State) regional information about serious weather, disaster readiness services and resources, traffic information, storm and mountain pass reports, public transportation, news, and local emergency preparedness sites, plus an e-mail transportation alert service.
  http://www.govlink.org/storm/
  Topics: Home & Housing, Home & Housing, Media, Media, Science, Science, Technology, War and Peace: Resources on Iraq, Washington State: Government, Washington State: Regions, Washington State: Science, Washington State: Transportation, Washington State: Travel, Weather
  Last updated Jul 23, 2003
• Hurricane Katrina
  
  Information about emergency medical shelters, volunteer opportunities for health care professionals, and other services provided by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. Also find links to tips about hurricane preparedness.
  http://www.hhs.gov/emergency/hurricane.html
  Topics: Home & Housing, Hurricane Katrina, Science, War and Peace: Resources on Iraq, Weather
  Last updated Sep 14, 2005
• Virtual Disaster Library
  
  About "250 publications (25,000 pages) of experiences, ideas and solutions to advance the cause of disaster reduction." Subjects include disaster education, preparedness, prevention, and response; earthquakes, hurricanes, volcanoes, and floods; buildings; medicine, health, and communicable disease control; and sanitation. Developed by PAHO/WHO (Pan American Health Organization/Regional Office of the World Health Organization). Materials are available in English and/or Spanish and French.
  http://www.sadl.uleth.ca/nz/cgi-bin/library?a=p&p=about&c=paho
  Topics: Environment, Home & Housing, Hurricane Katrina, Medical Treatments and Devices, Science, War and Peace: Resources on Iraq
  Last updated Dec 15, 2003
  
  
• Emergency Preparedness and Individuals With Disabilities
  
  This website "contains basic information on emergency preparedness, transportation accessibility, and evacuation methods for certain modes of transportation, such as transit and rail systems ... for individuals with disabilities, their family members, and care givers." Provides links to related resources, information about relevant legal obligations, and descriptions of specific types of planned and natural disasters. From the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT).
  http://www.dotcr.ost.dot.gov/asp/emergencyprep.asp
  Topics: Environment, Home & Housing, Science, War and Peace: Resources on Iraq
  Last updated Aug 31, 2005
• Emergency Preparedness & Response: Hurricanes
  
  Find hurricane-related health and safety information, as well as information specific to Hurricane Katrina. Includes fact sheets on topics such as hurricane readiness, hurricane recovery, protecting pets, electrical hazards, carbon monoxide, reentering a flooded home, contaminated water, and protecting yourself from mold. Offers links to information for cleanup workers and health professionals. Some material available in several languages. From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
  http://www.bt.cdc.gov/disasters/hurricanes/
  Topics: Electrical Energy, Environment, Home & Housing, Hurricane Katrina, Science, War and Peace: Resources on Iraq, Weather
  Last updated Sep 8, 2005
• Emergency Preparedness and Individuals With Disabilities
  
  This website "contains basic information on emergency preparedness, transportation accessibility, and evacuation methods for certain modes of transportation, such as transit and rail systems ... for individuals with disabilities, their family members, and care givers." Provides links to related resources, information about relevant legal obligations, and descriptions of specific types of planned and natural disasters. From the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT).
  http://www.dotcr.ost.dot.gov/asp/emergencyprep.asp
  Topics: Environment, Home & Housing, Science, War and Peace: Resources on Iraq
  Last updated Aug 31, 2005
• Emergency Preparedness & Response: Hurricanes
  
  Find hurricane-related health and safety information, as well as information specific to Hurricane Katrina. Includes fact sheets on topics such as hurricane readiness, hurricane recovery, protecting pets, electrical hazards, carbon monoxide, reentering a flooded home, contaminated water, and protecting yourself from mold. Offers links to information for cleanup workers and health professionals. Some material available in several languages. From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
  http://www.bt.cdc.gov/disasters/hurricanes/
  Topics: Electrical Energy, Environment, Home & Housing, Hurricane Katrina, Science, War and Peace: Resources on Iraq, Weather
  Last updated Sep 8, 2005

OPINIONS-IDEES

• Dans l'histoire, le desastre a été considéré comme phénomène naturel (ou un châtiment de Dieu), puis comme une incapacité "naturelle"  à bien gérer le patrimoine naturel (gaspillage des terres, des forêts). La solution était donc recherchée dans l'assistance technique et le progrès apportés par l'Occident (grands projets)

• Depuis les années 70, on met davantage l'accent sur les processus d'inégalité et de pauvreté (théories de la dépendance). On rejette le présupposé de passivité des victimes dépendantes de l'assistance au profit de l'"empowerment" des populations vulnérables

PERSPECTIVES